GIFT   OF 


Field  Artillery  Training 


ENLISTED  JvTHB 


ARMY  WAR  CO: 

AUGUST.  1917 


m 


DISTRIBUTION 

ONE  TO  EACH  GENERAL  OFFICER 

ONE  TO  EACH  GENERAL  STAFF  OFFICER 

TEN  TO  EACH  DIVISION  H.  Q. 

TEN  TO  EACH  ARTILLERY  BRIGADE  H.  Q. 

SEVENTY-FIVE  TO  EACH  FIELD  ARTILLERY 

REGIMENT 
ONE  TO  EACH  ARTILLERY  OFFICER  NOT  ON 

DUTY  WITH  A  REGIMENT 


iX,'S  •   Qf^^in&-r2i.\ 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFHCE 

1917 


UF'^0^ 
43^ 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Document  No.  657. 
Office  of  The  Adjutant  General. 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Washington,  August  21,  1017. 
The  following  pamphlet  on  Artillery  Training,   Enlisted,   is 
published  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  all  concerned. 
[353.548,  A.  G.  O.] 

By  oeder  of  the  Secretary  of  War  : 

H.  L.  SCOTT, 
Major  General,  Chief  of  Staff. 
Official  : 

H.  P.  McCAIN, 

The  Adjutant  General. 

3 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Field  Artillery  training,  enlisted 7 

Concentrated  training — 16   weeks 8 

First  period 8 

Second  period 14 

Appendix  A 18 

Appendix  B 20 

Appendix  C 22 

Appendix  D 24 

Appendix  E 25 

Record 29 

Exhibit  X 31 

5 


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http://www.archive.org/details/fieldartillerytrOOarmyrich 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING,  ENLISTED. 


Responsibility  for  the  training  of  tlie  troops  committed  to 
their  charge  rests  on  all  commanders.  Subject  to  the  principles 
laid  down  in  the  various  training  manuals,  regulations,  and  this 
general  program,  commanders  are  at  liberty  to  employ  such 
Dsethods  as  appear  best  calculated  to  attain  the  desired  end. 

Superior  commanders,  while  holding  their  subordinates  re- 
sponsible for  the  training  of  their  units,  will  never  forego  their 
function  of  guidance  and  control  and  will  exercise  a  general 
and  continuous  supervision  over  their  work.  In  carrying  out 
this  duty  they  should  not  curb  the  initiative  of  their  subor- 
dinates nor  Interfere  unnecessarily  so  long  as  the  training  is 
conducted  on  sound  lines. 

Without  trained  cadres  of  officers  and  men  to  carry  on  the 
instruction,  the  presence  of  all  battery  officers  with  their  bat- 
teries is  essential  for  the  proper  instruction  of  their  men,  espe- 
cially during  the  period  of  preliminary  instruction,  and  officers 
should  not  be  taken  from  the  batterie^  to  perform  staff  or  other 
duties  for  which  staff  officers  are  provided. 

The  captain  must  supervise  the  instruction  of  the  sections  of 
his  battery,  advise  the  lieutenants,  and  make  corrections  when- 
ever necessary  to  produce  results. 

Training  must  include  both  moral  and  physical  instruction. 
The  development  of  a  soldierly  spirit  is  required  to  help  the 
soldier  bear  fatigue,  privation,  and  danger  cheerfully ;  to  imbue 
him  wath  a  sense  of  honor ;  to  give  him  confidence  in  his  supe- 
riors and  comrades ;  to  increase  his  powers  of  initiative,  of  self- 
confidence,  and  of  self-restraint;  to  train  him  to  obey  orders 
or  to  act  suitably  in  their  absence ;  to  impress  upon  him  that  so 
long  as  he  is  physically  capable  of  fighting,  surrender  to  the 
enemy  is  a  disgraceful  act ;  and  finally  to  produce  such  a  state 
of  discipline  that  each  individual  will  perform  his  duty  coolly 
and  correctly  in  the  stress  of  battle. 

As  soon  as  a  man  enters  the  service  every  endeavor  should 
be  made  to  foster  in  him  a  soldierly  spirit.     Officers  and  non- 

7 


H  FIEI.D  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

commissioned  officers  must  remember  that  it  is  chiefly  by  their 
example  that  the  development  of  a  soldierly  spirit  will  be 
achieved. 

Field  Artillery,  newly  organized,  will  be  composed  of  men 
having  little  or  no  military  training,  and  officers  with  some 
military  training,  but  for  the  greater  part  with  little  or  no 
experience  as  officers. 

It  is  essential  that  some  scheme  of  instruction  be  announced 
which,  with  the  modifications  made  necessary  by  climate  and 
season,  will  produce  troops  uniformly  and  thoroughly  trained 
along  the  same  lines. 

The  varying  conditions  as  to  equipment  and  materiel  forbid 
the  enunciation  of  a  rigid,  detailed  program  even  if  such  a  plan 
was  considered  wise.  A  system  is  sought  which  will  harmonize 
the  instruction  of  all  the  Field  Artillery  without  robbing  com- 
manding officers  of  initiative  or  relieving  them  of  any  of  their 
responsibility  for  the  fitness  of  their  commands. 

Time  being  limited,  concentration  on  the  duties  demanded  of 
the  Field  Artillery  in  the  present  trench  warfare  is  imperative. 

A  general  program  of  instruction,  based  on  a  minimum  of  40 
actual  drill  hours  per  week,  is  attached  hereto  and  marked  "Ap- 
pendix A."  Based  upon  this  program  all  commanders  and  in- 
structors must  prepare  schedules  covering  the  work  allotted  to 
them.     The  performance  «f  all  training  by  schedule  is  essential. 

CONCENTRATED  TRAINING— 16  WEEKS. 

The  16  weeks  which  it  is  considered  may  be  devoted  to  con- 
centrated training  before  required  for  service  abroad  will  be 
divided  into  two  general  periods  as  follows : 

(a)  The  first  or  fundamental  period  will  last  about  four 
weeks  and  will  cover  instruction  to  be  given  to  all  Field  Artil- 
lery soldiers. 

(&)  The  second  period  will  be  devoted  to  specialized  instruc- 
tion for  the  individual  and  all  higher  units. 

FIRST   PERIOD. 

It  is  not  sufficiently  realized  to  what  an  extent  the  success  of 
a  soldier's  training  depends  upon  the  use  of  his  first  days  in 
the  military  life.  His  mind  from  a  military  standpoint  is 
open  for  fresh  impressions;  his  moral  courage,  esprit,  and 
patriotism  can  be  easily  aroused  and  stimulated ;  he  is  unconsci- 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  9 

ously  weighing  tlie  service,  and  much  of  his  later  value  rests 
with  his  first  instructors. 

Tlie  objects  of  drill  are  to  teach  discipline,  to  acquire  military 
knowledge  and  proficiency. 

Discipline  is  founded  on  cheerful  obedience,  mutual  confi- 
dence, loyalty,  patriotism,  and  esprit  de  corps. 

The  necessity  for  the  insistence  upon  small  points  of  dis- 
cipline must  be  emphasized.  Officers  should  everywhere  and  at 
all  times  present  a  model  in  appearance  and  military  deport- 
ment for  the  men.  This  is  as  much  the  duty  of  the  senior  mili- 
tary commander  as  of  the  junior  subaltern;  salutes  accorded 
juniors  as  well  as  seniors  should  be  punctiliously  observed  and 
strictly  conform  to  regulations.  The  details  of  dress,  hair  cut- 
ting, cleanliness  of  body  and  clothing,  shaving,  correct  wearing 
of  equipment,  etc.,  should  never  be  neglected. 

Officers  must  possess  an  interest  in  the  men  of  their  organizn- 
tion  and  be  quick  to  observe  mental  and  physical  depression. 
The  sympathetic  adaptation  of  instruction  in  individual  cases 
where  men  are  "  blue  "  or  down  in  spirit  will  have  great  influ- 
ence on  the  general  morale.  A  man  out  of  spirit  tends  to  de- 
press the  enthusiasm  of  others  and  should  be  given  a  change  of 
duty  and  kept  busy  at  something  which  will  hold  his  interest. 
Due  to  the  home  life  and  family  ties  of  our  drafted  forces,  this 
condition  will  arise  frequently,  and  commanding  officers  must 
be  prepared  to  meet  the  situation.  To  excuse  the  man  from 
duty  will  only  give  him  idle  time  in  which  *to  brood  and  is  the 
worst  procedure,  but,  as  it  is  the  easiest  way,  officers  must  guard 
against  this  mistake. 

Men  are  taught  in  three  ways : 

By  verbal  explanations. — This  should  be  used  with  caution, 
as  many  points  never  reach  the  mind  of  the  hearer,  and  those 
which  do  may  be  soon  confused  or  forgotten. 

By  demonstration. — ^This  creates  an  impression  which  is 
probably  clear  for  the  moment  and  lasts  for  a  time. 

By  requiring  performance  of  the  action  taught. — This  method 
is  the  only  one  to  use  where  practicable ;  most  men  retain  knowl- 
edge of  and  can  do  again  that  which  they  have  already  done. 

The  subjects  taught  during  the  first  period  of  about  four 
weeks  are  such  as  will  apply  to  every  Field  Artillery  soldier. 
No  soldier,  whatever  his  position,  should  be  without  certain 
fundamental  training.  It  is  better  to  assume  in  this  regard 
that  each  man  is  a  recruit  until  he  can  demonstrate  the  con- 
9915°— 17 2 


10  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

trary,  as  many  men  of  some  slight  military  experience  soon  fall 
behind  when  not  given  the  regular  instruction. 

Based  upon  a  time  allotment  of  16  weeks,  no  battery  organiza- 
tion should  be  attempted  at  first.  Arrange  all  men  in  four  or 
five  sections,  assigning  to  sections  in  proportion  some  men  of 
previous  military  training  and  men  who  seem  to  stand  out 
above  the  others.  These  sections  should  be  uniform  in  size  and 
not  too  large.  They  should  be  permanent  for  the  first  period, 
the  men  of  a  section  drilling,  bunking,  and  messing  together 
and  having  noncommissioned  officers  and  acting  noncommis- 
sioned officers  assigned  as  permanent  section  leaders. 

A  lieutenant  should  be  permanently  assigned  in  charge  of  one 
branch  of  instruction  and  be  given  as  permanent  assistants 
certain  selected  men  whose  individuality  or  previous  military 
experience  mark  them  as  probable  noncommissioned  officers. 
The  training  of  these  assistants  is  the  duty  of  the  instructor, 
but  when  competent  as  assistants  they  are  temporarily  detached 
one  at  a  time  and  sent  to  learn  under  other  instructors. 

The  organization  commander  supervises  and  is  responsible  for 
all  instruction.  He  will  attend  to  all  details  pertaining  to 
general  administration  and  schedules,  and  wall  relieve  the  in- 
structors assigned  to  particular  branches  of  all  worry  and  detail 
not  an  essential  part  of  that  particular  instruction.  It  will  be 
his  duty  to  prepare  weekly  schedules  showing  the  hours  of 
attendance  of  all  sections  and  for  all  instruction.  A  sample  of 
such  a  schedule  arranged  for  five  sections  and  an  actual  drill 
time  of  seven  and  one-half  hours  daily  is  appended,  marked 
"Appendix  B."  It  assumes  an  officer  or  qualified  noncommis- 
sioned officer  available  as  instructor  in  each  of  the  five  divisions. 
The  sections  attending  the  first  hours  should  alternate  by  weeks 
in  the  instruction  attended.  This  weekly  time  schedule  is  based 
on  a  general  schedule  for  the  first  period  which  must  be  prepared 
by  organization  commanders  under  the  supervision  of  battalion 
and  regimental  commanders.  This  schedule  must  allot  instruc- 
tion periods  for  each  subject  to  be  covered  in  the  period. 
Sample  schedule  attached,  marked  "Appendix  C." 

Lecture  subjects  are  selected  and  assigned  to  officers  who  will 
thoroughly  prepare  themselves  upon  the  subject  or  subjects  as- 
signed. Rather  than  have  an  officer  lecture  upon  a  subject  un- 
prepared, the  instruction  should  be  omitted.  Inclement  weather 
is  generally  utilized  for  lectures,  but  when  necessary  they  are 
introduced  into  the  schedule. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  11 

The  following  subjects  should  be  included  in  the  first  period. 

Artillery. — Daily  for  the  entire  period.  Weekly  programs  of 
instruction  are  arranged  by  the  officer  in  charge  of  artillery 
instruction  and  are  submitted  to  battery  (and  battalion)  com- 
manders for  approval.  The  different  artillery  instructors  in 
the  organizations  of  the  regiment  should  be  assembled  and 
lectured  upon  the  particular  subject  "  Preparation  of  sched- 
ules "  by  the  most  competent  artillery  advisor  available,  and 
thereafter  should  frequently  confer  with  this  officer  and  with 
one  another.  Drill  and  Service  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery, 
liandbooks  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  Artillery  Notes 
issued  by  the  War  Department  and  School  of  Fire  for  Field 
Artillery  should  be  in  the  possession  of  all  instructors  and 
thoroughly  mastered  by  them.  They  will  prepare  and  issue,  in 
whatever  way  may  be  practicable,  list  of  nomenclature,  rules  for 
care  of  materiel,  diagrams  of  positions,  and  such  other  memo- 
randa as  will  aid  the  instruction.  Instruction  in  the  detailed 
service  of  the  piece  must  be  thorough  and  is  always  more  or  less 
monotonous.  This  may  be  relieved  somewhat  by  keeping  records 
and  stimulating  competition.  The  schedule  will  be  arranged  to 
include  the  care  of  a^l  materiel.  Sample  of  schedule  attached, 
marked  "Appendix  D." 

Mounted. — Daily  for  the  entire  period.  Weekly  programs  of 
instruction  by  the  officer  in  charge  as  for  Artillery.  Instructors 
are  lectured  in  same  manner.  The  programs  of  instruction 
should  include  the  morning  police  of  stables  (by  the  section  at- 
tending during  the  first  hour).  Grooming  is  a  part  of  the 
schedule,  and  horses  are  either  assigned  for  the  purpose  or  the 
nen  groom  those  they  use.  Instructor  should  study  care- 
fully the  Field  Service  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  and 
service  manuals  on  the  care  of  animals,  shoeing,  etc.  The  fol- 
lowing points  covered  in  the  Regulations  must  be  applied  from 
the  first :  Riding  instruction  should  begin  at  the  walk  on  gentle 
liorses  and  over  varied  ground,  either  with  or  without  saddles ; 
unbroken,  nervous,  or  vicious  horses  should  be  assigned  to  picked 
men  for  gentling;  men  having  a  natural  timidity  about  horses 
should  be  given  only  the  quiet  animals.  The  fitting  and  care 
of  harness,  saddles,  and  bridles  should  be  a  matter  of  schedule. 
As  men  become  accustomed  to  riding,  the  quiet  horses  should  be 
trained  to  draft ;  the  men  of  the  most  aptitude  should  then  begin 
training  the  remaining  horses. 


12  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

Dismounted  instnwtion.^^DaUy  for  the  entire  period.  Weekly- 
programs  of  instruction  by  tlie  officer  in  clmrge  as  for  Artillery. 
Dismounted  instruction  is  of  importance  for  Field  Artillery  and 
is  a  valuable  aid  in  teaching  discipline,  soldierly  bearing,  and 
alertness.  It  is  combined  throughout  the  period  with  instruction 
in  calisthenics,  guara  duty,  etc.  (See  remarks  on  Appendix  A.) 
Kecruits  should  always  be  marched  to  and  from  drills  by  squads 
and  at  attention. 

Calisthenics. — Daily  for  the  entire  period,  with  dismounted 
instruction. 

Purely  as  a  setting-up  exercise,  it  is  best  to  adopt  a  few  simple 
exercises  which  will  become  known  to  the  soldiers.  Swinging 
exercises  which  affect  a  large  part  of  the  body  are  preferable, 
particularly  to  supple  men  more  or  less  muscle  bound.  The  in- 
structors should  regularly  execute  the  exercises  with  the  squad. 
An  object  is  the  development  of  an  athletic  spirit  in  the  sol- 
dier, and  to  this  end  running,  jumping,  and  games  of  different 
kinds  are  recommended.  Boxing  is  useful  in  developing  a  fight- 
ing spirit,  if  required  of  all  men,  whether  skilled  or  not. 

Guard  duty. — Beginning  with  first  week  and  continued  until 
qualified.  The  performance  of  guard  dutV  should  interfere  as 
little  as  practicable  with  concentrated  instruction.  Extracts 
from  Manual  of  Interior  Guard  Duty  and  Camp  Guard  Regu- 
lations should  be  prominently  posted  where  easily  accessible  to 
all  soldiers.  Where  printing  facilities  are  available,  a  copy  of 
these  extracts  should  be  issued  to  each  man. 

Hygiene. — Beginning  with  first  week  and  continued  until  in- 
structed. Personal  hygiene  is  taught  by  schedule,  practically, 
and  by  lectures,  and  is  observed  and  regulated  at  all  times.  Hy- 
giene and  sanitation  applicable  to  camps,  marches,  billets, 
bivouac,  etc.,  are  taught  by  lectures  and,  where  possible,  by 
practice.  The  instructors  in  this  subject  should  be  lectured  by 
competent  and  practical  medical  officers.  After  once  outlining 
the  principle  of  hygiene  as  a  matter  of  schedule,  it  is  after- 
wards fixed  as  a  habit  by  observation  and  inspection.  A  prac- 
tical talk  by  one  of  the  officers  on  venereal  diseases  should  sup- 
plement lectures  given  by  medical  officers. 

Individual  cooking. — First  period  by  schedule.  To  include 
building  of  fires.  Instruction  in  the  actual  methods  of  cooking 
can  best  be  had  in  battery  kitchen  under  direction  of  mess 
sergeant  or  cook.  Practical  individual  cooking  will  be  a  part 
of  camping,  etc.,  in  second  period. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  13 

Salutes,  courtesies,  customs  of  ilie  service,  rules  of  war,  rights 
of  prisoners  of  war,  parole,  articles  of  war  particularly  affect- 
ing the  individual  soldier. — Included  in  the  schedule  as  a  part 
of  the  first  period  of  instruction.  By  lectures  and  practically 
for  such  as  admit  of  practical  application.  It  is  important 
to  make  soldiers  realize  what  information  is  of  value  to  the 
enemy  and  the  methods  generally  pursued  by  the  enemy  in 
obtaining  this  information  from  prisoners. 

Use  of  gas  masks. — By  schedule  for  first  period.  Theoretical 
and  practical  by  a  medical  officer  or  other  qualified  instructor. 
Sufficient  masks  for  one  battery  will  probably  be  issued  to  each 
regiment.  Instruction  periods  for  batteries  will  be  designated 
by  regimental  commanders.  Manual  on  gases  which  prescribe 
requirements  for  qualification  in  use  of  masks  will  be  issued  by 
Medical  Department. 

Pistol. — (a)  Manual,  nomenclature,  care  of.  To  begin  with 
issue  of  pistols  until  qualified. 

(b)  Use  of.  To  begin  as  soon  as  sufficient  pistols  are  avail- 
able. Men  to  be  qualified  in  pointing  and  aiming,  triangles, 
slow  fire  at  short  ranges,  quick  fire  at  short  ranges.  Advance 
will  be  made  only  when  qualified  in  preceding  exercise.  The 
object  desired  is  to  train  all  men  to  deliver  a  quick  fire  and  kt 
short  distance  to  be  able  to  hit  a  figure. 

Note. — Practice  rods  for  use  with  miniature  targets  will  assist 
in  this  instruction.  Where  not  available,  a  long  lead  pencil  with 
eraser  may  be  of  some  assistance. 

Individual  records. — By  schedule  first  week  of  first  petiod. 
Age,  nationality,  languages  spoken,  education,  occupation  in  de- 
tail.   From  this  investigation  the  following  lists  should  be  made : 

(a)  Probable  candidates  for  commissions  (to  be  observed  aM 
sent  to  special  school  for  officers). 

(&)  Probable  noncommissioned  officers. 

(c)  Men  for  special  details. 

( d )  Men  well  below  the  normal  whose  military  value  will  be 
limited. 

Measurement  for  clothing. — By  schedule  first  week  of  first 
period.  Depending  upon  clothing  available  for  issue  this  should 
be  followed  by  clothing  issues,  instruction  in  methods  of  wear- 
ing, etc. 

Blanket  rolls,  surplus  kit,  field  kit,  slicker  roll,  other  eqmp- 
wetit— Preparation,  contents,  methods  of  carrying.  Inspection 
for  barracks  and  field.  Instruction  by  schedule  during  first' 
period.    Thereafter  observed  and  details  insisted  upon.    Dla- 


14  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

grams  and  lists  should  be  prepared  and  freely  exposed  where 
they  may  be  readily  consulted. 

Shelter  tents. — Instruction  in  pitching  during  first  period.  By 
schedule  as  a  part  of  dismounted  drill.  Arrangement  of  shelter 
tent  camp  of  a  battery  for  various  differing  conditions  should 
be  outlined. 

First  aid. — Practical  by  schedule  during  first  period.  Drills 
must  be  short  and  for  small  number  of  men  at  a  time.  In- 
structors should  prepare  schedule  after  consultation  with  and 
training  by  medical  officers.  All  lectures  should,  if  practicable, 
be  given  by  competent  medical  officers.  The  protection  against 
tetanus,  gangrene,  and  gas  must  be  especially  covered.  Vermin 
and  trench  diseases  of  all  kinds  must  be  made  known  to  all 
soldiers.  Adopt  the  principle  of  informing  the  soldier  fully  con- 
cerning the  conditions  prevailing  where  he  may  serve. 

Signaling. — Beginning  in  first  period.  An  opportunity  should 
be  given  for  all  men  to  learn,  but  thorough  instruction  will  be 
limited  to  about  25  per  cent  of  the  battery.  During  first  period 
given  general  instruction  which  will  enable  all  men  to  learn  the 
prescribed  codes.  Have  signal  cards  posted  where  they  may  be 
readily  consulted.  The  special  instruction  of  some  men  may  be 
undertaken  at  once. 

Simple  cordage. — To  include  only  simple  hitches,  clove  hitch, 
bowline,  square  knot,  and  some  idea  of  the  use  of  blocks  and 
tackles.  To  be  of  practical  value  in  tying  animals,  fastening 
ropes  in  assisting  difficult  draft,  and  in  care  and  assembling  of 
materiel. 

Note. — Particular  attention  must  be  given  to  developing  in 
Field  Artillery  an  enthusiasm  for  the  Infantry  with  whom  they 
fight.  As  the  Infantry  training  progresses,  the  Field  Artillery 
should  be  taken  to  witness  the  drill  of  well-qualified  units,  par- 
ticularly in  such  matters  as  bayonet  fighting,  bombing,  etc.  This 
drill  should- be  made  real  and  alive  by  informal  talks  in  which 
are  included  reports  or  remarks  on  actual  happening,  both  our 
own  and  the  enemy.  This  lecture  should  include  data  on  bombs, 
grenades,  etc.,  with  relative  effects  of  each. 

SECOND  PERIOD.  ^ 

Men  are  rearranged  into  general  classes  of  drivers,  can- 
noneers, and  men  training  for  special  details  and  duties.  The 
men  qualified  in  special  duties  should  be  double  the  number  nec- 
essary in  the  normal  battery  organization. 

Make  a  general  division  of  the  battery  in  three  sections. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  16 

First  section  will  comprise  all  special  details  as  follows : 

Signal. 

Telephone. 

Noncommissioned  officers  not  required  as  instructors. 

Mechanics,    horseshoers,    saddlers,    farriers,    carpenters, 
etc. 

Cooks  and  candidates,  buglers. 

Other  men  not  assigned. 
Second  section  will  comprise  men  assigned  duty  in  connection 
with  the  service  of  the  gun,  cannoneers. 
Third  section  will  comprise  drivers. 

SUGGESTED    GENERAL    SCHEDULE,    FIFTH    TO    SIXTEENTH    WEEK 
(INCLUSIVE). 

Fifth  to  seventh  week,  individual  instruction : 

A.  M.  p.  M. 

Driver Mounted Dismounted,  pistol  and  artillery. 

Cannoneers Artillery Mounted,  dismounted  and  pistol. 

Special  details Special Special,    pistol    (dismounted    at 

least  once  a  week). 

Note. — Drivers  should  have  artillery  instruction  about  three 
times  per  week  in  p.  m. ;  cannoneers,  mounted  instruction.  Dis- 
mounted instruction  (which  will  cover  all  instructions  except 
mounted  and  artillery)  will  be  daily  in  p.  m.  for  drivers  and 
cannoneers  and  occasionally  for  special  details.  Pistol  for  all 
men  until  sufficiently  instructed.  Instructors  in  artillery  and 
mounted  will  coordinate  schedules  and  training. 

Eighth  to  twelfth  week,  battery  instruction : 

A.  m.  Drivers,  cannoneers,  and  special  details  will  be  given 
maximum  time  on  their  special  work.  Battery  commander  ar- 
ranges the  work  of  the  different  details  into  a  battery  organiza- 
tion. 

P.  m.  Same  as  for  fifth  to  seventh  week. 

Thirteenth  week : 

Battery  work.  Occupation  of  positions,  day  and  night.  Lay- 
ing out  of  gun  positions  and  emplacements.  Practice  of  leaving 
camp,  entraining,  marching,  etc. 

P.  m.  Work  on  special  instruction. 

Fourteenth  week : 

Battalion  and  battery  work.  To  include  selection  and  occu- 
pation of  position,  construction  of  complete  emplacement,  simple 
firing  problem. 


.16  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

Fifteenth  and  sixteenth  weeli : 

Firing  instruction  and  practice  from  selected  position,  firing 
from  emplacement,  relieving  artillery  in  emplacement  firing 
problems  with  aerial  observation,  service  practice  wearing  gas 
masks,  barrage  practice. 

Drivers. — Instruction  of  drivers  includes: 

1.  Training  of  new  animals  for  draft. 

2.  Training  of  the  animals  assigned  for  draft. 

3.  Draft  over  terrain  of  all  kinds.  It  is  important  that 
drivers  should  know  the  powers  and  limitations  of  the  team  un- 
aided and  the  best  method  of  negotiating  difficult  obstacles; 
the  powers  and  limitations  of  the  team  v/hen  aided  by  can- 
noneers. 

4.  Movements  on  the  battle  field,  concealment,  location  of 
limbers,  teams,  etc. 

5.  Care  of  animals  in  field,  forage,  feeding,  watering,  picket 
lines,  care  of  feet  under  bad  conditions,  care  of  harness.  Par- 
ticular care  to  be  gi\en  to  the  shoulder,  neck,  and  back  of 
horses. 

Draft  to  include  night  occupation  of  positions  and  marches. 

Special  instruction. — Instructors  must  be  specially  qualified. 
Instruction  should  conform  to  Drill  Regulations  and  be  adapted 
to  needs  of  the  present  war. 

Communication. — Wireless,  wire,  ground,  flag,  pigeon,  special 
with  aetoplane,  rockets,  etc. 

Construction  and  occupation  of  observing  stations : 

(a)  Near  battery  or  regiment. 

(&)  In  trenches. 

Use  of  maps,  map  reading,  orientation,  construction,  field 
sketches,  panoramic  sketches,  trench  maps. 

Simulated  field  service  using  gas  masks. 

Instruments,  field  glasses,  special  instruments,  angle  measure- 
ment with  and  without  instruments.  Changes  in  data  from  day 
to  day,  due  to  weather  conditions. 

Cover  and  camouflage. 

Movements  at  night: 

Mechanics,  cooks,  etc.  Practical  instruction  for  position 
sought. 

Artillery. — To  begin  in  fifth  week  with  a  complete  review  of 
first  four  weeks'  instruction  and  to  be  continued  by  a  progres- 
sive program  which  will  accomplish  (a)  thorough  training  of 
individuals  as  cannoneers ;  ( & )  thorough  training  of  the  squads 
of  cannoneers  as  a  battery. 


riEID  AKTILLERY  TRAINING.  17 

Pistol,  as  in  first  period,  to  include  practical  handling  of  arm 
and  qualified  when  able  to  fire  quickly  and  accurately  on  figure 
targets. 

Castrametation.  To  include  location  of  camps,  sanitation, 
drainage,  etc.,  pitching  tents  authorized.  Messing  in  camp, 
bivouac,  billet. 

Gas  masks.     To  complete  qualification. 

Officers. — The  instruction  of  officers  of  newly  organized  regi- 
ments, or  of  newly  appointed  officers,  is  a  function  of  battalion 
and  higher  commanders. 

In  addition  to  training  of  the  enlisted  personnel,  officers  must, 
by  a  proper  course  of  reading  and  study  and  practical  exercises, 
prepare  themselves  for  all  duties  required  of  them  as  officers. 

Regimental  and  battalion  commanders  should  outline  and  re- 
quire of  all  officers  a  proper  course  of  reading,  study,  and  prac- 
tical exercises,  to  the  end  that  they  will  at  the  proper  time  be 
able  to  perform  any  duty  which  properly  pertains  to  their  posi- 
tion. This  will  require  a  great  deal  of  study  and  work  in  addi- 
tion to  the  time  which  they  must  devote  each  day  to  the  in- 
struction of  enlisted  men. 

Some  of  this  work  may  be  outlined  as  follows : 

1.  Study  and  recitation  in :  Drill  Regulations,  Field  Service 
Regulations,  Manual  of  Courts-Martial. 

2.  Army  Regulations,  customs  and  courtesies  of  the  service. 
(Lecture.) 

3.  Rules  of  land  warfare,  with  particular  attention  to  present 
war,  prisoners  of  war,  paroles,  etc. 

4.  Sketching,  maps,  map  reading,  construction  and  use  of 
scales,  use  of  French  maps,  etc. 

5.  Use  of  rang^finding,  fire-control,  and  signal  equipment,  in- 
cluding tests  of  buzzer  and  telephones. 

6.  Observation  of  fire  and  the  correction  of  errors. 

7.  Smoke  bombs,  terrain  board,  blackboard,  and  simulated 
fire.     (See  Appendix  "E.") 

8.  Reconnaissance,  selection,  and  occupation  of  positions. 

9.  Firing  by  map,  use  of  compass  in  obtaining  deflections. 

10.  Computation  of  fire  data. 

11.  Close  shooting  as  required  in  trench  warfare. 

An  extract  of  a  report  hereto  attached,  marked  "Appendix 
X,"  is  based  upon  British  training  in  their  cadet  schools  and 
should  be  consulted  by  regimental  commanders  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  schedules  for  officers'  training. 
9915°— 17 3 


18 


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24  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

Appendix  D.  ; 

-,     ^  FIRST  WEEK. 

Monday : 

h  hour — 

General    nomenclature,    purpose    and    operatioa    of    piece    and 

caisson. 

1  hour — 

To  form  gun  squad. 

To  tell  off  gun  squad. 

Posts  o^  gun  squad,  carriages  limbered.  To  post  the  gun  squad. 

Posts  of  the  cannoneers,  limbered.    To  post  cannoneers,  limbered. 

Tuesday  : 

1  hour — 

Review  general  nomenclature. 

To  mount  cannoneers. 

To  dismount  cannoneers. 

Posts  of  cannoneers  unlimbered  but  not  prepared  for  action. 

To  change  posts. 

i  hour — 

General  description  and  operation  of  sights,  quadrant,  and  fuze 

setter. 

Wednesday  : 

1  hour — 

Movements  by   hand,   limbered. 

Duties  in  unlimbering — 

Action  front. 

Action  rear. 

Limbering — Front  and  rear. 

i  hour — 

Tools  and  accessories. 

Kinds  and  use  of  projectiles. 

Thursday  : 

1  hour — 

Duties  in  unlimbering,  action  right  and  left. 

Limbering  rear. 

i  hour — 

Operation  of  sights,  quadrant,  and  fuze  setter, 

Friday:  • 

1  hour — 

General  review. 

Movements  by  hand,  unlimbered. 

i  hour — 

General  duties  of  gunner,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Saturday  : 

IJ  hours — 

Nomenclature  and   care   of   materiel    (practical   cleaning,   oiling, 

disassembling,  and  assembling). 

SECOND  WEEK. 
Monday  :  The  range  scale  and  the  panoramic  sight ;  duties  of  gunnec. 
Tuesday  :  The  range  quadrant — To  open  and  close  breach. 
Duties  of — 

No.  1 ;  review. 
No.  2. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  25 

Wednesday  :  The  fuze  setter — Duties  of  3,  4,  5. 
Thursday  :  The  deflection  ;  the  site. 

Measure  deflection  and  site. 
Friday  :  Review  of  Monday,  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Thursday. 
Saturday :  Practical  nomenclature ;  cleaning,  etc. 

THIRD  WEEK. 

Monday  :  Exercises  in  duties  of  gunner  1 ;  2. 

Exercises  In  duties  of  gunner  3  ;  4  ;  5. 
Tuesday  :  Same  as  Monday. 

Explanation  of  action  of  projectiles. 
Wednesday  :  Explanation  of  making  changes  in  setting  at  commands. 
Thursday  :  Same  as  Wednesday  and  Monday. 

Friday  :  Movements  of  carriages  ;  unlimbered  to  prepare  for  action. 
Saturday :   Use   of  oils ;    tools  ;    method   of   carrying ;   care ;    cleaning ; 
nomenclature. 

FOURTH  WEEK. 

Monday :  Review  of  first  week ;  drill  of  gun  squad. 

To  prepare  for  action  and  march  order. 
Tuesday :  To    prepare    for   action ;    exercise   in    dut.'es   of   cannoneers ; 

methods  and  kinds  of  fire ;  march  order. 
Wednesday :  Same  as  Tuesday. 

Thursday :  Gun  squads  working  as  firing  battery  ;  preparation  for  ac- 
tion ;  service  of  piece. 
Friday  :  Lecture  on  fire. 

To  give  general  idea  of  the  trajectory ;  burst  of  projectiles ; 

powers  and  limits  of  projectiles  ;  information  about  fire  used 

abroad ;    names   of   particular   kinds   of   fire ;    necessity    for 

accuracy  as  support  or  protection  to  our  infantry. 

Saturday  :  Cleaning ;  questions  on  use  of  oils,  tools,  cleaning,  repairs, 

nomenclature. 


Appendix  E. 
notes  on  smoke-bomb  practice. 

Smoke-bomb  practice  is  a  valuable  means  of  training  officers 
in  conduct  of  fire  and  the  handling  of  fire  data  and  should 
be  freely  employed  in  their  instruction  previous  to  service 
practice. 

In  order  to  be  of  the  greatest  value,  every  eifort  must  be 
made  to  have  the  system  operated  as  efficiently  as  possible. 
Long  delays  and  mistakes  on  the  part  of  the  operators  detract 
seriously  from  the  effect.  It  is  therefore  necessary  to  place 
an  officer  in  charge  of  the  operation  who  is  thoroughly  familiar 
with  fire  data,  to  give  him  the  best  available  enlisted  assist- 
ants, and  to  train  the  details  thoroughly  in  this  work.     After 


26  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

tlie  men  are  trained,  they  can  be  relieved,  one  or  two  at  a  time, 
in  order  to  equalize  the  work.  Other  officers  can  also  be  placed 
in  charge  after  acting  as  assistants  for  a  short  time. 

Description  of  the  system. — The  system  consists  in  represent- 
ing by  puffs  of  smoke  from  black-powder  explosions  the  burst 
of  shrapnel,  conforming  in  every  case  to  changes  in  fire  data 
given.  This  is  accomplished  by  placing  canvas  targets,  rep- 
resenting service  targets,  and  connecting  them  by  telephone  to 
a  battery  commander's  station  1,500  to  3,000  yards  away.  The 
officer  firing  gets  his  fire  data  and  gives  it  to  the  telephone 
man,  Avho,  instead  of  sending  it  to  a  fire  battery,  as  in  prac- 
tice, sends  it  to  the  officer  at  the  targets.  The  latter  then  as- 
sumes a  certain  range,  height  of  burst,  deflection  and  distribu- 
tion, and  represents  the  bursts  of  the  four  shrapnel  where  they 
would  have  fallen  with  the  data  given,  taking  the  assumed  data 
as  correct.  The  officer  directing  fire  then  makes  the  corrections 
he  thinks  appropriate,  which  are  complied  with  at  the  targets; 
this  process  continuing  until  the  battery  commander  is  satisfied 
from  his  observations  that  his  fire  is  properly  adjusted  or  until 
he  is  stopped  by  the  officer  directing.  The  latter  should  then 
make  appropriate  criticisms  of  the  methods  and  execution  of 
the  problem. 

Equipment  and  personnel. — The  equipment  necessary  for  one 
smoke-bomb  range  consists  of  the  following: 

(1)  1  battery  target. 

(2)  12  smoke  bombs  (2  spare),  16  if  high  wire  is  used. 
(2)  10  five-pound  safety  cans. 

(2)         black  powder. 

(2)  primers    (.38  cal.  revolver  cartridge  cases,  primed 

but  not  loaded). 

(3)  2  telephones. 
(3)       field  wire. 

Personnel. — 

1  officer,  in  charge. 

1  noncommissioned  officer,  assistant. 

2  telephone  men. 
1  powder  man. 

10  operators. 
Note. — 

(1)  Materiel  and  drawings  furnished  by  Ordnance  Depart- 

ment; made  up  and  painted  locally. 

(2)  Furnished  complete  by  Ordnance  Department. 

(3)  Supplied  by  Regimental  or  Battalion  Headquarters. 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAIl^NG.  27 

Method  of  operation. — The  officer  in  charge  places  himself 
behind  one  of  the  center  targets,  so  that  he  is  hidden  from  the 
fire  point,  and  controls  all  his  men  from  this  point.  The 
telephone  operator,  connected  with  the  fire  point,  is  at  his 
elbow.  One  operator  is  placed  in  front  and  one  in  rear  of  each 
target  and  one  on  each  flank  of  the  line,  as  shown  in  the  diagram. 
Any  convenient  system  of  numbering  may  be  used. 


0» 


Oj  O2  O3  O4 

targets 


XXX  ^" 

Oe  0,  Os 

Officer  in  charge, 
telephone  operator, 
and  recorder. 

The  distance  from  target  to  operators  is  determined  by  the 
ground,  the  men  being  hidden  from  an  observer  at  the  fire 
point  but  close  enough  to  be  controlled  by  the  officer  in  charge 
with  the  aid  of  a  megaphone. 

The  operators  are  seldom  moved  for  changes  in  deflection  and 
never  more  than  a  few  yards.  For  large  changes  the  command 
is  given  to  the  other  operators  in  the  appropriate  direction. 
For  small  changes,  a  yard  one  w^ay  or  the  other  will  throw  the 
burst  on  or  off  the  target,  which  is  all  the  correction  required. 
When  it  is  desired  to  throw  the  sheaf  entirely  off  the  target, 
firing  No.  4  and  10,  or  1  and  9  is  a  sufficient  indication.  To 
send  men  30  or  40  yards  to  the  flank  to  indicate  a  large  error 
causes  delay  without  corresponding  advantage. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  noncommissioned  officer  assistant  to  see 
that  the  men  are  on  the  alert  for  commands,  that  they  execute 
them  properly,  and  that  assistance  is  rendered  by  the  powd<^r 
man  whenever  it  is  needed. 

The  record  may  be  kept  by  the  officer  in  charge  or  preferably 
by  a  recorder;  it  should  contain  name  of  officer  directing  fire, 
number  of  problem  for  the  day,  assumed  range  and  initial  data, 
followed  by  every  command  given  by  the  officer  directing  fire, 
and  indicating  by  a  plus  or  minus  sign  opposite  each  range 
whether  it  was  fired  short  or  over.  If  a  misfire  occurs,  this 
fact  is  also  noted  on  the  record,  and  the  shot  is  reported  over 
the  telephone  as  "  lost,"  The  officer  in  charge  need  not  concern 
himself  much  with  any  of  the  initial  data  except  method  of  fire 
and  range.    The  other  corrections  are  entirely  arbitrary  on  his 


28  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

part — that  is,  he  assumes  the  shots  would  have  fallen  in  a  cer- 
tain place,  regardless  of  the  data  given.  He  should,  however, 
give  the  distribution  as  nearly  as  possible  as  it  would  actually 
occur. 

Great  care  is  necessary  in  handling  the  powder,  otherwise 
explosions  are  sure  to  occur,  often  resulting  in  severe  burns. 
It  is  unsafe  for  the  men  to  have  large  cans  of  powder  by  them. 
Accidents  will  happen  even  with  the  spring-covered  cans  fur- 
nished by  the  Ordnance  Department.  These  cans  are  awkward 
to  get  into  quickly  and  consequently  the  men  will  prop  open  the 
lid  in  spite  of  all  cautions.  A  spark  of  burning  powder  may 
then  cause  a  violent  explosion.  A  satisfactory  method  is  to 
give  each  man  a  small,  flat  tobacco  can,  such  as  comes  with 
"  Prince  Albert "  or  "  Velvet "  tobacco.  This  will  hold  five  or 
six  charges.  It  is  easy  to  pour  from  and  the  top  being  small 
there  is  not  much  danger  of  sparks  getting  into  it.  If  they  do, 
the  amount  of  powder  is  so  small  that  there  are  no  serious 
results. 

The  men  should  be  taught  to  load  the  bomb  with  the  hammer 
hanging  down  toward  the  ground,  putting  the  powder  in  first  and 
then  inserting  the  primer,  being  careful  that  the  lanyard  can  not 
catch  on  anything  in  pushing  the  bomb  away  after  loading. 
They  should  never  be  allowed  to  lay  the  bomb  on  the  ground, 
but  should  be  instructed  to  hold  it  in  a  sloping  position  across 
the  knees  when  not  in  use.  If  it  is  laid  dowm,  the  powder  is  apt 
to  be  spilled  and  cause  a  misfire. 

After  designating  the  operators  to  fire,  when  they  are  ready 
the  officer  in  charge  should  report  over  the  telephone  "  Ready  to 
fire."  The  officer  directing  then  orders  "  Fire'"  when  he  is  ready 
at  the  firing  point. 

Example. — B.  C.  sends  following  data:  "A.  P.  Signal  Moun- 
tain, deflection  3250,  on  first  piece  open  5,  site  305,  corrector  30, 
3200." 

The  officer  in  charge  assumes,  for  example,  the  correct  range 
as  3500,  that  the  bursts  are  high,  and  that  the  right  shot  is  10 
mils  to  the  right  of  the  target  with  10  mils  between  shots,  the 
interval  between  targets  being  5  mils.  He  enters  the  required 
data  on  his  record  as  shown  below  and  gives  the  following  com- 
mands :  "  No.  9  move  five  paces  south,  Nos.  9  and  1  high  burst," 
and  reports  "Ready  to  fire."  When  he  gets  "Fire"  over  the 
telephone,  he  commands,  "No.  9,  Fire;  No.  1,  Fire." 

B.  C.  sends  next  command :  "  Left  5,  on  second  piece,  close  5, 
down  5,  3200." 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 


29 


Officer  in  charge  commands:  "Nos.  1  and  2,  low  burst,"  re- 
ports "  Ready  to  fire." 

Director:  "Fire." 

O.  C. :  "  No.  1,  Fire  ;  No.  2,  Fiee." 

B.  C. :  "  3400." 

O.  C. :  "  Nos.  1  and  2,  low  burst "  ;  "  Ready  to  fire." 

D. :  "Fire." 

O.  C. :  "  No.  1,  Fiee;  No.  2,  Fire." 

B.  C. :  "  3600." 

O.  C. :  "  Nos.  5  and  6,  low  burst  "  ;  "  Ready  to  fire." 

D.  "Fire." 

O.  C. :  "  No.  5,  Fire  ;  No.  6,  Fire." 

B.  G. :  "  One  round,  up  3,  3400." 

O.  C. :  "  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  one  round,  medium  burst "  ;  "  Ready  to 
fire." 

D. :  "Fire." 

O.  C. :  "  Fire." 

Record. 

Oct.  5, 1917. 
Prob.  No.  2.  Lt.  Smith. — Conducting  fire. 

Assumed  Range — 3500. 
A.  P.  Sig.  Mt.,  D.  3250, 1+5,  S.  305,  Dr  30,  R.  R.  3200. 


No.  salvo. 

nn. 

Fired. 

Commands,  etc. 

1 

3200 
3200 
3400 
3600 
3400 

2-,h 
2-  L 
1-,  Host 
2+' 
4-,ra 

L5,  2-5,  d5 

2 

3 

(1  Misfire) 
1  rd,  u3 

4.         .              

5 

0 

7 

1 

To  conduct  smoke-bomb  practice  efficiently  requires : 

1.  A  skilled  officer  in  charge. 

This  officer  must  be  wide  awake,  quick  thinking,  accurate,  and 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  handling  of  the  sheaf.  In  addition, 
he  must  know  the  mechanism  of  his  plant,  so  as  to  be  able  to 
place  his  shots  where  he  wants  them  with  the  least  possible 
delay,  and  must  be  able  to  get  snappy  action  out  of  his  men. 

2.  A  permanent,  or  at  least  semipermanent,  detail. 

This  is  essential  to  get  speed  and  accuracy  in  handling  the 
bombs.  Nothing  but  delays,  mistakes,  and  accidents  can  be 
expected  with  a  constantly  changing  detail. 


so 


riEID  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 


3.  A  good  location. 

There  should  be  good  cover  for  the  men.  It  destroys  the 
whole  illusion  if  men  can  be  seen  moving  around  the  targets 
every  time  a  command  is  given.  The  range  should  be  at  least 
1,500  yards,  in  order  that  sensing  may  be  as  like  service  prac- 
tice as  possible. 


4.  Good  telephone  communication  and  skilled  operaiors. 

If  mistakes  are  made  in  the  transmission  of  fire  data  the 
shots  do  not  correspond  to  corrections  given  and  the  officer 
directing  fire  is  confused. 

5.  Proper  targets. 

The  canvas  targets  illustrated  in  Ordnance  Pamphlet  No.  — 
give  the  effect  of  service  targets  on  the  ground  required  for 
smoke-bomb  work,  with  the  least  expenditure  of  time  and  labor 
in  handling  them.  A  larger  target  in  most  cases  makes  sensing 
so  easy  that  it  is  worthless. 

Trolley  l/V/re 


^moke  domt^Cup--^ 


Cap 
Hammer 


F/q.Z 


6.  Apparatus  in  good  condition. 

Rusty,  bent  firing  arras,  dirty  primer  seats,  and  broken  staffs 
can  not  be  expected  to  give  good  results. 

If  materiel  is  available  it  is  well  to  provide  the  apparatus 
for  giving  higher  bursts  than  can  be  given  with  the  pole  type 
bomb.  This  consists  of  two  40-foot  poles  made  by  splicing 
together  sections  of  2-inch  iron  pipe,  planted  about  80  yards 
apart  and  guyed  as  in  Fig.  1.     Across  the  top  is  stretched  a 


FIELD  ARTILLEEY  TRAINING.  81 

heavy  wire  (No.  9),  anchored  by  a  "dead  man"  at  each  end. 
Four  1-inch  pulleys  run  on  this  trolley,  and  to  each  is  attached 
a  second  pulley  over  which  runs  a  halyard  attached  to  a  smoke- 
bomb  cup.  (Fig.  2.)  The  bomb  can  then  be  raised  and  fired  at 
any  height  up  to  40  feet  and  placed  in  any  position  between  the 
poles. 

The  same  type  of  smoke  bombs  are  used,  replacing  the  staff 
with  a  weight.  The  apparatus  is  planted  in  front  or  rear  of  the 
line  of  targets  and  operated  by  the  same  men  who  use  the  pole 
type,  when  high  bursts  are  required.  All  this  materiel  except 
the  poles  is  furnished  by  the  Ordnance  Department.  Signal 
Corps  iron  telephone  poles  spliced  together  make  good  uprights. 


7.  Terrain. — The  profile  of  the  range  used  in  order  to  get  the 
best  results  should  be  of  the  nature  of  that  shown  in  figure  3. 

This  gives  cover  from  the  firing  point  for  the  operators  and 
allows  nothing  to  be  seen  except  the  targets  and  bursts.  If 
such  ground  is  not  available  artificial  cover  of  brush,  weeds, 
etc.,  or  trenches  must  be  constructed  for  the  operators. 


Exhibit  X. 

The  object  of  the  course  of  instruction  is  to  turn  out  an  oflicer 
fit  to  be  of  immediate  practical  use.  The  standard  of  trainitig 
and  instruction  in  each  subject  should  therefore  be  fixed  in 
accordance  with  this  principle  as  shown  below. 

(1)  Physical  training. — Capable,  of  supervising  instruction  in 
this  subject  and  to  command  units  while  giving  the  instruction 
personally.  The  officer  must  be  able  to  detect  faults  in  posi- 
tion and  to  correct  them,  and  to  know  whether  noncommissioned 
officers  are  giving  instructions  along  correct  lines. 

(2)  Dismounted  drill. — Able  to  instruct  and  drill  a  gun  squad, 
or  a  platoon,  dismounted.  He  should  also  know  and  be  able  to 
give  instructions  in  guard  mounting  and  the  posting  of  sentries. 
He  must  be  able  to  instruct  correctly  in  the  manual  of  the 


32  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

pistol  and  in  pistol  firing,  and   must  have  fired   at  least  10 
rounds  from  each  range  prescribed. 

(3)  Gun  drill. — Able  to  perform  the  duties  of  every  number 
in  a  gun  squad.  He  must  be  word-perfect  in  the  drill  of  a 
platoon  and  of  a  battery,  including  the  duties  of  a  platoon 
commander. 

(4)  Driving  drill. — Capable  of  driving  in  any  position  in  a 
gun  team,  drilling  as  chief  of  section  or  gunner,  and  should 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  signals  used  in  mounted  drill. 
He  should  also  be  capable  of  commanding  a  fire  battery  and 
adjusting  and  conducting  the  fire  of  a  battery.  Candidates  as- 
signed to  motor-dravv^n  artillery  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  motors  and  tractors  and  the  ordinary  repairs  incident  to  their 
use,  and  must  be  able  to  drive  a  motor  truck  and  a  tractor  with 
its  trailer  or  a  load  over  difficult  places. 

(5)  Gun  laying  and  sights. — Have  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  sights  of  the  various  guns  and  howitzers  and  the  methods 
of  testing  and  adjusting  them,  and  must  be  a  good  layer  with 
the  different  instruments. 

(6)  Artillery  boards,  etc. — Must  understand  the  construction 
of  the  artillery  board  and  be  quick  and  accurate  in  its  use. 

(7)  Property. — Must  be  thoroughly  conversant  w^ith  the  equip- 
ment used  by  officers  and  enlisted  men  and  must  understand  the 
methods  of  cleaning,  repairing,  and  preserving  same. 

(8)  Signaling  and  telephone. — Capable  of  sending  and  re- 
ceiving messages  by  semaphore,  buzzer,  and  flash  at  a  rate  of 
at  least  six  words  a  minute.  Must  have  a  practical  knowledge 
of  the  principles,  construction,  and  operation  of  telephones  and 
telephone  lines.  Must  be  able  to  test  for  telephone  and  line 
troubles  and  make  repairs.  Must  have  a  detailed  knowledge  of 
the  receiver,  transmitter,  buzzer,  circuits,  and  the  care  of  the 
telephone. 

(9)  Map  reading  and  sketching. — Able  to  make  a  rough  sketch 
of  a  trench  or  locality  or  to  illustrate  a  report.  Have  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  map  reading  and  the  use  of  the  compass. 
Must  be  able  to  determine  a  point  on  the  map  by  coordinates 
and  by  intersection  and  to  solve  problems  on  the  map  involving 
the  location  of  batteries,  the  directing  point,  the  observing  sta- 
tions, the  targets,  etc. 

(10)  Model  range. — Have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  the 
principles  of  ranging  and  the  various  methods  of  applying  them. 
Must  be  word  perfect  in  the  sequence  of  commands.    Must  be 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  88 

able  to  adjust  fire  from  advanced  and  flank  observing  stations 
and  from  aeroplane  and  balloon  observations. 

(11)  Instruments  and  firing  data. — Must  be  able  to  use  the 
battery  commander's  instruments  and  to  determine  fire  data 
with  facility  and  reasonable  accuracy. 

(12)  Reconnaissance  and  occupation  of  position. — Must  un- 
derstand the  general  requirements  of  an  artillery  position  and 
the  application  of  those  requirements  in  relation  to  the  nature 
of  the  mission  of  the  battery.  Must  be  able  to  select  a  position, 
conduct  the  battery  to  it,  locate  the  various  echelons  of  the  bat- 
tery, give  each  piece  its  proper  direction,  locate  the  observation 
post  of  the  battery  commander,  and  posts  of  observation  of  the 
field  of  fire,  and  of  approaches  to  the  battery  position ;  to  estab- 
lish communication  between  the  battery  and  the  observation 
posts,  the  post  of  the  battery  commander  and  higher  commands 
or  neighboring  troops,  the  security  and  cover  for  the  materiel, 
the  ammunition,  and  the  personnel ;  preparations  for  advancing 
the  battery  and  for  retiring ;  preparation  for  the  attack,  involv- 
ing the  destruction  of  enemy  defenses,  guns,  wire,  entrenchments 
of  the  various  lines,  communicating  trenches,  headquarters' 
establishments,  machine-gun  emplacements,  and  positions  of 
concentration ;  the  employment  of  light  artillery  and  of  heavy 
artillery  for  the  different  tasks,  and  the  application  of  types  of 
guns  and  of  ammunition  for  the  execution  of  these  tasks. 

Light  artillery:  Must  be  able  to  adjust  each  piece  upon  a 
target  from  advanced  and  flank  observing  stations,  and  from 
aeroplane  and  balloon  observations,  or  to  adjust  the  fire  by 
salvos.  Must  be  able  to  fire  for  effect,  for  demolition,  or  for  the 
rolling  or  the  standing  barrage.  Must  be  able  to  select  projec- 
tiles and  fuzes  according  to  the  target,  and  to  pass  to  fire  of 
opportunity  and  to  return  to  the  original  task  without  confusion. 

Antiaircraft  or  trench  mortar  artillery:  Must  be  able  to  take 
the  appropriate  targets  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  the 
employment  of  these  guns. 

Heavy  artillery:  Must  understand  the  selection  of  charges  for 
howitzers  and  the  type  of  fuzes  appropriate  to  the  task.  Prepare 
accurate  fire  data  and  adjust  and  regulate  the  fire  as  indicated 
for  light  artillery. 

(13)  Protection  for  guns,  etc. — Must  have  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  how  to  conceal  batteries  and  how  to  construct  protec- 
tion from  hostile  fire.  Must  understand  the  use  of  camouflage, 
emplacements,  ammunition  pockets,  dugouts  for  personnel  and 


34  FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 

for  telephone  stations,  false  batteries,  protection  of  echelons, 
construction  of  observing  stations,  and  of  the  station  for  the 
commanding  officer. 

(14)  MaUrkl. — Must  be  able  to  dismount  and  assemble  all 
parts  of  the  guns,  breech  mechanism  and  carriages,  and  must 
know  the  principal  characteristics  of  the  different  types  of  guns 
and  howitzers  in  service.  The  candidates  assigned  to  each  type 
of  artillery  must  have  a  detailed  knowledge  of  that  type  and  a 
general  knowledge  of  other  types. 

(15)  Care  and  training  of  horses. — The  candidates  assigned  to 
horse-drawn  artillery  must  know  the  principles  of  hygiene  and 
food  for  horses ;  how  to  keep  horses  in  condition  and  to  restore 
condition  of  debilitated  horses ;  the  methods  that  are  practiced 
in  the  case  of  parasitic  and  epidemic  diseases,  and  the  precau- 
tions in  each  case ;  the  treatment  of  accidents  and  wounds ;  care 
in  cantonment  and  bivouac ;  care  of  the  feet ;  the  methods  of 
training  a  horse  for  draft  and  for  riding. 

(16)  Harness  fitting  and  draft. — Must  be  able  to  adjust  a  col- 
lar and  breast  strap ;  understand  the  principles  of  traction  and 
the  useful  and  the  harmful  components  of  line  traction;  the 
causes  of  saddle  and  harness  sores,  and  the  means  to  avoid  and 
to  cure  them. 

(17)  Riding. — Capable  of  riding  sufficiently  well  to  command 
a  mounted  detachment  or  other  suitable  unit.  Able  to  give  in- 
struction in  riding  and  to  check  obvious  faults  of  position  and 
style.  The  object  of  this  instruction  is  to  have  the  candidate 
know  how  to  mount  quietly,  sit  correctly  at  the  walk  and  the 
trot,  and  to  regulate  the  gaits  and  the  movements  of  the  horse 
with  ease.  Candidates  will  not  be  permitted  to  attempt  obstacles 
or  difficult  exercises  that  might  cause  serious  accidents  because 
of  the  limitations  of  the  course.  They  should  not  be  permitted 
to  gallop  until  near  the  end  of  the  course,  and  then  only  v;ith 
well-trained  horses.  Candidates  who  are  lacking  in  aptitude  or 
who  are  physically  unsuited  for  riding  should  be  assigned  to  the 
type  of  Artillery  that  are  not  horsed. 

(18)  Stahles  and  stable  management. — Candidates  are  re- 
quired to  groom  horses  and  to  police  and  care  for  stables,  and  to 
acquire  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  proper  methods  of  perform- 
ing these  duties. 

(19)  Organizations,  discipline^  etc. — ^Must  understand  the  or- 
ganization of  the  different  arms  up  to  the  regiments ;  the  duties 
of   noncommissioned    officers   and   subordinates ;    rewards   and 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING.  35 

punishment;  hygiene,  military  correspondence,  reports  and  re- 
turns, passes,  furloughs,  leaves,  classes  of  courts-martial, 
charges,  arrests,  confinements ;  trials,  punishments ;  the  Articles 
of  War. 

(20)  Entraining,  etc. — Methods  of  loading  and  unloading 
horses,  materiel,  and  men;  arrangements  during  the  journey; 
feeding,  watering,  and  messing  en  route ;  guards,  care  of  animals 
and  men ;  and  inspections.     ' 

(21)  Field  firing. — Candidate  must  practically  calibrate  guns, 
adjust  each  gun  on  target,  apply  ballistic  corrections  to  range 
tables  for  accuracy;  must  adjust  from  advanced  and  flank  ob- 
servation stations  and  from  aeroplane  observations;  and  must 
execute  fire  or  counter-battery  work,  bombardment,  trench  de- 
struction, wire  cutting,  rolling  and  standing  barrages,  fire  of 
opportunity,  and  map  fire.  Targets  will  be  appropriate  to  each 
type  of  gun  and  howitzer,  trench  mortar  artillery,  and  antiair- 
craft artillery. 

(22)  Ballistics,  gunnery,  etc. — Candidates  must  understand 
powders,  quick  and  slow,  and  the  application  of  each ;  the  influ- 
ence of  the  elements  on  loading ;  pressure  and  initial  velocity ; 
the  probabilities  of  fire  and  their  application;  the  laws  of  dis- 
persion and  their  application  to  fire  for  adjustment  and  to  fire 
for  effect. 

Definitions  and  principal  properties  of  trajectories ;  trajectory 
in  vacuo ;  resistance  of  the  air ;  effect  of  gravity ;  construction 
of  trajectories  by  the  tables  of  fire ;  application  of  problems  of 
defilade  and  of  angle  of  sight ;  direct  and  curved  fire ;  influence 
of  the  conditions  of  atmosphere  upon  the  flight  of  the  projectile ; 
methods  of  determining  the  amount  of  such  influence. 

Effects  of  fire;  projectiles  against  personnel  and  against 
materiel;  bursts  by  time  fuzes  and  on  richochet;  shrapnel  and 
high-explosive  shell ;  effects  of  high-explosive  shell  with  instan- 
taneous fuze  at  surface,  and  with  delay-action  fuzes  under  the 
surface. 

(23)  Range  tables,  etc. — Determination  of  wind,  drift,  atmos- 
pheric corrections ;  movement  of  targets,  etc. ;  corrections  for 
muzzle  velocity ;  density  of  loading ;  temperature  of  powder ; 
variations  in  weight  of  projectile,  and  the  correction  of  the  dif- 
ferent elements  of  the  range  table  for  all  conditions  of  loading 
and  of  flight  of  the  projectile. 

(24)  Motors  and  tractors. — Nomenclature;  theory  of  gas 
engines — construction  of  motors,  cylinders  and  pistons,  gearing 


36 


FIELD  ARTILLERY  TRAINING. 


and  power  transmission — and  the  function  of  eacli  part  of  thj 
engine;  carbureters  and  tlieir  function;  tlie  magneto,  construe 
tion  and  function ;  radiators,  construction  and  function ;  regult 
tion  of  air  and  gas,  cliange  of  speed,  and  appropriate  speed  und( 
varying  conditions ;  capacity  of  motors  and  tractors  and  limitln] 
loads  and  strains ;  lubrication  and  suitable  oils ;  care  of  enginj 
and  of  working  parts  of  motor  or  tractor ;  principles  of  tractioi 
friction,  and  resistance,  and  the  solution  of  simple  practice 
problems. 

(25)  Knotting  and  lashing. — ^Have  a  good  knowledge  of  a\ 
knots  in  general  use  and  their  application  to  military  needs. 

(26)  Antigas  helmet  drill. — Care,  fitting,  and  inspection 
helmets  or  respirators;  breathing  exercises;  gun  drill;  wore 
•f    command    and    orders    in    helmets;    passing    through,   gs 
chamber. 

o 


9yracu»»-  ■-•• 
PAT.  JAN.  21.  1908 


^    I    -U   / 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


90ct'65WC 


f*ECu 


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LD  21A-60to-3.'65 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


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